![]() However, because ice is less dense than water, the melting temperature decreases. In most substances, the volume increases when melting occurs, so the melting temperature increases with pressure. A good approximation for the rate of change of the melting temperature with pressure is given by the Clausius–Clapeyron relation:ĭ T d P = T ( v L − v S ) L f, is the molar latent heat of melting. The melting and boiling points depend on pressure. In the process of freeze-drying, a food is frozen and then stored at low pressure so the ice on its surface sublimates. For example, frost is deposited on cold surfaces while snowflakes form by deposition on an aerosol particle or ice nucleus. Sublimation and deposition also occur on surfaces. However, even below the boiling point, water can change to vapor at its surface by evaporation (vaporization throughout the liquid is known as boiling). Phase transitionsĪt a pressure of one atmosphere (atm), ice melts or water freezes at 0 ☌ (32 ☏) and water boils or vapor condenses at 100 ☌ (212 ☏). Though interaction is weak, with superconducting magnets it can attain a notable interaction. ![]() Without this protection, most aquatic organisms residing in lakes would perish during the winter. This ice insulates the water below, preventing it from freezing solid. In a lake or ocean, water at 4 ☌ (39.2 ☏) sinks to the bottom, and ice forms on the surface, floating on the liquid water. This expansion can exert enormous pressure, bursting pipes and cracking rocks. The density of ice is 917 kg/m 3 (57.25 lb/cu ft), an expansion of 9%. Water differs from most liquids in that it becomes less dense as it freezes. Also cognate, through the Indo-European root, with Greek ύδωρ ( ýdor), Russian вода́ ( vodá), Irish uisce, and Albanian ujë. The word water comes from Old English wæter, from Proto-Germanic * watar (source also of Old Saxon watar, Old Frisian wetir, Dutch water, Old High German wazzar, German Wasser, vatn, Gothic □□□□ ( wato), from Proto-Indo-European * wod-or, suffixed form of root * wed- ("water" "wet"). ![]()
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